Refractive errors are remaining one of the most important problems in pediatric ophthalmology. At present, there are changes in organization approaches of prophylactic medical examinations in children. It causes the necessary of comprehensive clinical and economic assessment of their effectiveness. Purpose: to develop the recommendations for improvement of ophthalmological care for children with refractive errors. For diagnostics we used visometry, determination the vision characteristics, determination of chromosensitivity, biomicroscopy, definition of refraction of manifest and cycloplegic, determination of volume and accommodation reserves, ophthalmoscopy, electrophysiological study (EFI), optical coherence tomography (OCT), fundusography. Methods. A retrospective analysis of typical practice of treatment patients with amblyopia and strabismus was organized. Data was processed with mathematical methods and descriptive statistics. Modeling, Budget impact and burden of diseases analyses were used for clinicoeconomical evaluation. Results. 636 patients aged from 5 to 7 years old were included. Depending on the age of the diagnosis of ametropia, three groups were identified. Group I (318 patients): the diagnosis was detected up to 1 year, group II (190 patients) - at the age from 1 to 3 years, Group III: (127 patients) from 3 to 7 years. A direct correlation between the age of ametropia diagnostics and frequency such complications as amblyopia, disturbance of binocular vision and strabismus development of strabismus was established. According to the results of clinical and economic analysis, uncorrected refractive errors in children are characterized by a high level of economic and social burden of disease (the older the age of ametropia diagnosis caused increase of direct medical and non-medical costs). With regard to non-medical costs, we established that a reduction the frequency of courses in vision office and operational treatment results in a reduction in payments to parents on temporary incapacity sheets. Conclusion: the optimal age for diagnostics of refractive errors in up to 1year from both clinical and economic perspective.

The zoning scheme for a large-scale fuel-energy system involving the natural gas wells and pipelines network can be made owing to the calculation of seismic gradient models coupled with modeling of a geographic cover of the being investigated land. This will give a possibility to outline places where the system functioning can be under risk because of the particular deep structure of the geological medium. On the other hand, such zoning can reveal the distinctive feature of subarea containing the gas deposit. The comparison of the results given by a novel algorithm and the basic technique of the gradient model computing is presented here

At present the seismometer of the InSight mission (Interior Exploration usingSeismic Investigations Geodesy and Heat Transport) is operating on Mars. The knowledge of subsurface properties beneath the landing site is importante for the correct interpretation of seismic data. Analysis of gravity and topography data in a frame of S-approximation method let us some understanding of density anomalies beneath the station.

This is the final paper in a series devoted to generic singularities of geodesic flows for two-dimensional pseudo-Riemannian metrics of changing signature and metrics induced from the Euclidean metric of the ambient space on surfaces with a cuspidal edge. We study the local phase portraits and the properties of geodesics at degenerate points of a certain type. This completes the list of singularities in codimensions 1 and 2.

For the empirically well explored LPPLS phenomenon (log-periodic power law with singularity) is known and used as a market crash precursor, we propose an autonomous dynamical theoretical model. First, we explain a non-oscillative trend with singularity. For that, we consider a long-term excessive investment demand we've derived from constant leverage investor model. Due to the trend deviation suppression (and due to the noise agents activity that balance trend followers buy or sell actions), we formally write supply side of the market balance equation that in our view is proportional to the trend deviation calculated as a second-order tailor term based on the non-oscillative return rate derivative normalized on gauss volatility deviation. We derive from the parameters of the best constant leverage strategy this conglomerate looks like a logarithmic derivative of the smoothed return rate. Due to the supply-demand balance we come to a sequence of two-four differential equations, first leads to hyperbolic time dependence for the return rate, the next leads to a reciprocal power-law for the price. Then we come to a log-periodic oscillations in a second-order equation.