Ethernet evolution history and data packet assembly in the OSI model are discussed. Limitations impeding Ethernet application in industrial automation are formulated. The paper notes that real-time Ethernet operation requires additional mechanisms which allow to avoid collisions. The mechanisms in Ethernet-compatible real-time protocols such as EtherNet/IP, PROFINET, EtherCAT, Powerlink, Modbus TCP, Foundation Fieldbus HSE, and SERCOS III are analyzed. The IEEE1588 standard enabling high-precision synchronization of network users’ clocks is examined. Characteristics and application fields of wireless Ethernet networks are listed. Ethernet redundancy mechanisms such as STP, MSTP, MRP, Link Aggregation, PRP, and HSR are considered. Innovative solutions such as powering over Ethernet and embedded Ethernet switches are described.

We suggest a certain model based on a resource network in the form of a regular two-dimensional grid. Nodes of the grid correspond to the amounts of substance concentrated in the given area. On the other hand, the edges of the grid represent the values of cross-currents. Under a specified field of currents, the model simulates distribution of a substance within a given water body

We study stabilization processes in resource networks with arbitrary topology for large values of the resource, when certain vertices accumulate the resource, and resource in these vertices exceeds output bandwidth. We introduce the notion of flow in a network and study monotone and nonmonotone flows. We prove existence and uniqueness for the limit flow and, as a corollary, of the limit state. We introduce the notion of a potential attractor and study networks with one and several attractors. We show that in networks with several potential attractors, in case of large resources the limit state depends on the initial state.

Consideration was given to the systems of n quasilinear equations with first-order partial derivatives, two independent variables, and an arbitrary number of numerical control parameters. From the application standpoint, the independent variables play the part of time and space, and the parameters are replaced either by the control functions or the solutions of the inverse problem. The geometrical formalization ascending to Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann and enabling one to assign to a quasilinear system a field of linear operators on the corresponding vector bundle is applicable to the systems under consideration. The criterion for diagonalizbility, that is, reduction to the Riemann invariants of quasilinear systems with control parameters by state transformations, was established in terms of this field.