This paper is devoted to methodological and applied problems of improving the efficiency of program-target planning and management in socio-economic systems based on a scenario approach. The main features of the methodology and mechanisms of program-target management are considered. The idea proposed below is to manage and control the implementation of target programs using a scenario approach and life cycle models. A scenario W-shaped life cycle model is developed to improve the efficiency of program-target planning and management. This model involves the end-to-end methodology of proactive management to implement long-term socio-economic programs under uncertainty and risk. The model’s methodological core consists of the following mechanisms: scenario analysis, simulation, forecasting, planning, and group management. The new approach is most effective under increasing uncertainty due to its focus on anticipating future conditions and alternatives for the development of socioeconomic systems.