The paper analyzes the development prospects for aircraft navigation systems using onboard geophysical field measurements. Prospective systems that are not widely applied yet are considered: magnetic gradiometers measuring the stationary magnetic field gradient, gravity gradiometers measuring the gravity field gradient, and electromagnetic systems measuring the alternating part of magnetic field. We discuss the main problems to be solved during airborne measurements of these parameters and give an overview of algorithms and hardware solutions. We analyse the results of onboard measurements and estimate the possible navigation accuracy.