The high rates of the scientific and technical process have made significant adjustments to the methods for assessing the country’s GDP, labor productivity, and the number of the economically active population. Industry 4.0 has fundamentally changed the structure of the labor market and employment of the population in all countries, presenting new requirements for employers and employees. The use of self-driving vehicles, robots, automation of most business processes in various sectors of the national economy significantly increases labor productivity, ensures GDP growth, and reduces employment. Industry 4.0 makes available new, digital formats for continuous professional development, making it possible to adapt educational content to personnel and enterprise management quickly. A mathematical model was developed to predict the significant indicators of the economy and the labor market. It is a linear equation system that, given the initial conditions, provides the formation of various forecast scenarios. The results of computational experiments on calculating labor productivity, changes in the number of employees and earnings, as well as the number of the economically active population of the Russian Federation in 2021-2035, are presented. The calculations were carried out for three main combinations: a) changes in GDP; b) changes in labor productivity c) changes in numbers. The research’s information base is the state statistical sources and forecasts both in general and individual enterprises.