It is shown that game theory with imperfect information «cover» the most part of the deep challenges facing blockchain technology. Various challenges of this technology are analysed and allocated main of them. For each of key challenges it is considered in what measure the answer to him is connected with need of creation of new scientific results for some sections of game theory. The conclusion is drawn that an essential part of the deep challenges of a blockchain it is possible to reduce to game-theoretic design of a situation of multiagentny interaction. In this case the consensus of users a blockchain system concerning reliability of anytransaction is established.